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Abstract The CMS detector is a general-purpose apparatus that detects high-energy collisions produced at the LHC. Online data quality monitoring of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter is a vital operational tool that allows detector experts to quickly identify, localize, and diagnose a broad range of detector issues that could affect the quality of physics data. A real-time autoencoder-based anomaly detection system using semi-supervised machine learning is presented enabling the detection of anomalies in the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter data. A novel method is introduced which maximizes the anomaly detection performance by exploiting the time-dependent evolution of anomalies as well as spatial variations in the detector response. The autoencoder-based system is able to efficiently detect anomalies, while maintaining a very low false discovery rate. The performance of the system is validated with anomalies found in 2018 and 2022 LHC collision data. In addition, the first results from deploying the autoencoder-based system in the CMS online data quality monitoring workflow during the beginning of Run 3 of the LHC are presented, showing its ability to detect issues missed by the existing system. 

This paper presents a search for massive, charged, long-lived particles with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider using an integrated luminosity of $$140~fb^{−1}$$ of proton-proton collisions at $$\sqrt{s}=13$$~TeV. These particles are expected to move significantly slower than the speed of light. In this paper, two signal regions provide complementary sensitivity. In one region, events are selected with at least one charged-particle track with high transverse momentum, large specific ionisation measured in the pixel detector, and time of flight to the hadronic calorimeter inconsistent with the speed of light. In the other region, events are selected with at least two tracks of opposite charge which both have a high transverse momentum and an anomalously large specific ionisation. The search is sensitive to particles with lifetimes greater than about 3 ns with masses ranging from 200 GeV to 3 TeV. The results are interpreted to set constraints on the supersymmetric pair production of long-lived R-hadrons, charginos and staus, with mass limits extending beyond those from previous searches in broad ranges of lifetime 

A search is presented for fractionally charged particles with charges below $1e$, using their small energy loss in the tracking detector as a key variable to observe a signal. The analyzed dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of $138{\mathrm{fb}}^{-1}$of proton-proton collisions collected at $\sqrt{s}=13\mathrm{TeV}$in 2016–2018 at the CERN LHC. This is the first search at the LHC for new particles with a charge between $e/3$and $0.9e$, including an extension of previous results at a charge of $2e/3$. Masses up to 640 GeV and charges as low as $e/3$are excluded at 95% confidence level. These are the most stringent limits to date for the considered Drell-Yan-like production mode. 

Top-quark pair production is observed in lead–lead ( $\mathrm{Pb}+\mathrm{Pb}$) collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02\mathrm{TeV}$at the Large Hadron Collider with the ATLAS detector. The data sample was recorded in 2015 and 2018, amounting to an integrated luminosity of $1.9{\mathrm{nb}}^{-1}$. Events with exactly one electron and one muon and at least two jets are selected. Top-quark pair production is measured with an observed (expected) significance of 5.0 (4.1) standard deviations. The measured top-quark pair production cross section is ${\sigma }_{t\overline{t}}=3.6{}_{-0.9}^{+1.0}\left(\mathrm{stat}\right){}_{-0.5}^{+0.8}\left(\mathrm{syst}\right)\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{b}$, with a total relative uncertainty of 31%, and is consistent with theoretical predictions using a range of different nuclear parton distribution functions. The observation of this process consolidates the evidence of the existence of all quark flavors in the preequilibrium stage of the quark-gluon plasma at very high energy densities, similar to the conditions present in the early Universe. © 2025 CERN, for the ATLAS Collaboration2025CERN 

A<sc>bstract</sc> A study of the Higgs boson decaying into bottom quarks (H→$$ b\overline{b} $$ $b\overline{b}$) and charm quarks (H→$$ c\overline{c} $$ $c\overline{c}$) is performed, in the associated production channel of the Higgs boson with aWorZboson, using 140 fb⁻¹of proton-proton collision data at$$ \sqrt{s} $$ $\sqrt{s}$= 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector. The individual production ofWHandZHwithH→$$ b\overline{b} $$ $b\overline{b}$is established with observed (expected) significances of 5.3 (5.5) and 4.9 (5.6) standard deviations, respectively. Differential cross-section measurements of the gauge boson transverse momentum within the simplified template cross-section framework are performed in a total of 13 kinematical fiducial regions. The search for theH→$$ c\overline{c} $$ $c\overline{c}$decay yields an observed (expected) upper limit at 95% confidence level of 11.5 (10.6) times the Standard Model prediction. The results are also used to set constraints on the charm coupling modifier, resulting in|κ_c| <4.2 at 95% confidence level. Combining theH→$$ b\overline{b} $$ $b\overline{b}$andH→$$ c\overline{c} $$ $c\overline{c}$measurements constrains the absolute value of the ratio of Higgs-charm and Higgs-bottom coupling modifiers (|κ_c/κ_b|) to be less than 3.6 at 95% confidence level. 

A<sc>bstract</sc> Differential cross sections for top quark pair ($$ \textrm{t}\overline{\textrm{t}} $$ $t\overline{t}$) production are measured in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV using a sample of events containing two oppositely charged leptons. The data were recorded with the CMS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb⁻¹. The differential cross sections are measured as functions of kinematic observables of the$$ \textrm{t}\overline{\textrm{t}} $$ $t\overline{t}$system, the top quark and antiquark and their decay products, as well as of the number of additional jets in the event. The results are presented as functions of up to three variables and are corrected to the parton and particle levels. When compared to standard model predictions based on quantum chromodynamics at different levels of accuracy, it is found that the calculations do not always describe the observed data. The deviations are found to be largest for the multi-differential cross sections. 

A<sc>bstract</sc> A search is presented for the resonant production of a pair of standard model-like Higgs bosons using data from proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2016–2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb⁻¹. The final state consists of two b quark-antiquark pairs. The search is conducted in the region of phase space where at least one of the pairs is highly Lorentz-boosted and is reconstructed as a single large-area jet. The other pair may be either similarly merged or resolved, the latter reconstructed using two b-tagged jets. The data are found to be consistent with standard model processes and are interpreted as 95% confidence level upper limits on the product of the cross sections and the branching fractions of the spin-0 radion and the spin-2 bulk graviton that arise in warped extradimensional models. The limits set are in the range 9.74–0.29 fb and 4.94–0.19 fb for a narrow radion and a graviton, respectively, with masses between 1 and 3 TeV. For a radion and for a bulk graviton with widths 10% of their masses, the limits are in the range 12.5–0.35 fb and 8.23–0.23 fb, respectively, for the same masses. These limits result in the exclusion of a narrow-width graviton with a mass below 1.2 TeV, and of narrow and 10%-width radions with masses below 2.6, and 2.9 TeV, respectively. 

A<sc>bstract</sc> Differential measurements of Higgs boson production in theτ-lepton-pair decay channel are presented in the gluon fusion, vector-boson fusion (VBF),VHand$$ t\overline{t}H $$ $t\overline{t}H$associated production modes, with particular focus on the VBF production mode. The data used to perform the measurements correspond to 140 fb⁻¹of proton-proton collisions collected by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. Two methods are used to perform the measurements: theSimplified Template Cross-Section(STXS) approach and anUnfolded Fiducial Differentialmeasurement considering only the VBF phase space. For the STXS measurement, events are categorized by their production mode and kinematic properties such as the Higgs boson’s transverse momentum ($$ {p}_{\textrm{T}}^{\textrm{H}} $$ $p_T^H$), the number of jets produced in association with the Higgs boson, or the invariant mass of the two leading jets (m_jj). For the VBF production mode, the ratio of the measured cross-section to the Standard Model prediction form_jj> 1.5 TeV and$$ {p}_{\textrm{T}}^{\textrm{H}} $$ $p_T^H$> 200 GeV ($$ {p}_{\textrm{T}}^{\textrm{H}} $$ $p_T^H$< 200 GeV) is$$ {1.29}_{-0.34}^{+0.39} $$ ${1.29}_{-0.34}^{+0.39}$($$ {0.12}_{-0.33}^{+0.34} $$ ${0.12}_{-0.33}^{+0.34}$). This is the first VBF measurement for the higher-$$ {p}_{\textrm{T}}^{\textrm{H}} $$ $p_T^H$criteria, and the most precise for the lower-$$ {p}_{\textrm{T}}^{\textrm{H}} $$ $p_T^H$criteria. Thefiducialcross-section measurements, which only consider the kinematic properties of the event, are performed as functions of variables characterizing the VBF topology, such as the signed ∆ϕ_jjbetween the two leading jets. The measurements have a precision of 30%–50% and agree well with the Standard Model predictions. These results are interpreted in the SMEFT framework, and place the strongest constraints to date on the CP-odd Wilson coefficient$$ {c}_{H\overset{\sim }{W}} $$ $c_{H\tilde{W}}$.